„Oddajcie mi dzieci!” — zażądała siostra, której nie było osiem lat…
Czasem życie układa się tak, iż stajesz się rodzicem, zanim zdążysz dorosnąć. Nie z własnej woli — przez okoliczności. Tak właśnie stało się ze mną.
Nazywam się Marek. Wychowałem się w domu dziecka. Gdy miałem dziewięć lat, trafiła tam też moja młodsza siostra Kasia — miała zaledwie cztery lata. Trzymaliśmy się razem, jak tylko mogliśmy. Oddawałem jej swoje cukierki, pomagałem w lekcjach, broniłem przed krzywdą i niesprawiedliwością. Marzyłem o dniu, kiedy zabiorę ją stamtąd i już nigdy nie będzie sama.
I ten dzień nadszedł. Gdy dostałem swoje pierwsze mieszkanie i uregulowałem formalności związane z opieką — Kasia zamieszkała ze mną. Staliśmy się prawdziwą rodziną. Pracowałem, uczyłem się, a ona rosła — mądra, piękna dziewczyna, świetnie się uczyła, choćby uprawiała sport. Byłem z niej dumny.
Wszystko zmieniło się, gdy Kasia skończyła piętnaście lat. ZakochałaSkip to content
# R Introduction
## R Programming Language – Introduction
R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. It is a GNU project which is similar to the S language and environment which was developed at Bell Laboratories (formerly AT&T, now Lucent Technologies) by John Chambers and colleagues.
R is considered as different implementation of S. There are some important differences, but most of the code written for S runs unaltered under R.
R provides a wide variety of statistical (linear and nonlinear modeling, classical statistical tests, time-series analysis, classification, clustering, and graphical techniques, and is highly extensible.
One of R’s strengths is the ease with which well-designed publication-quality plots can be produced, including mathematical symbols and formulae where needed. Great care has been taken over the defaults for the minor design choices in graphics, but the user retains full control.
R is available as Free Software under the terms of the Free Software Foundation’s GNU General Public License in source code form. It compiles and runs on a wide variety of UNIX platforms and similar systems (including FreeBSD and Linux), Windows and MacOS.
## The R environment
R is an integrated suite of software facilities for data manipulation, calculation and graphical display. It includes:
– an effective data handling and storage facility,
– a suite of operators for calculations on arrays, in particular matrices,
– a large, coherent, integrated collection of intermediate tools for data analysis,
– graphical facilities for data analysis and display either on-screen or on hardcopy, and
– a well-developed, simple and effective programming language which includes conditionals, loops, user-defined recursive functions and input and output facilities.
The term “environment” is intended to characterize it as a fully planned and coherent system, rather than an incremental accretion of very specific and inflexible tools, as is frequently the case with other data analysis software.
R, like S, is designed around a true computer language, and it allows users to add additional functionality by defining new functions. Much of the system is itself written in the R dialect of S, which makes it easy for users to follow the algorithmic choices made. For computationally-intensive tasks, C, C++ and Fortran code can be linked and called at run time. Advanced users can write C code to manipulate R objects directly.
Many users think of R as a statistics system. We prefer to think of it of an environment within which statistical techniques are implemented. R can be extended (easily) via packages. There are about eight packages supplied with the R distribution and many more are available through the CRAN family of Internet sites covering a very wide range of modern statistics.
R has its own LaTeX-like documentation format, which is used to supply comprehensive documentation, both on-line in a number of formats and in hardcopy.
## Why use R?
– R is a well-developed, simple and effective programming language which includes conditionals, loops, user defined recursive functions and input and output facilities.
– R has an effective data handling and storage facility,
– R provides a suite of operators for calculations on arrays, lists, vectors and matrices.
– R provides a large, coherent and integrated collection of tools for data analysis.
– R provides graphical facilities for data analysis and display either directly at the computer or printing at the papers.
As a conclusion, R is world’s most widely used statistics programming language. It’s the # 1 choice of data scientists and supported by a vibrant and talented community of contributors.
### References
– R Development Core Team (2011). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. ISBN 3-900051-07-0, URL http://www.R-project.org/.
– R Language Definition (2011). R Development Core Team. URL http://cran.r-project.org/doc/manuals/R-lang.html.
– The R Journal (2009). R Foundation for Statistical Computing. URL http://journal.R-project.org/current.html.
– http://www.r-project.org/about.html„Możesz ich odwiedzać, jeżeli naprawdę zależy ci na nich” — powiedziałem, patrząc, jak jej oczy wypełniają się łzami.
